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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク History of industrial ecology ： ウィキペディア英語版 History of industrial ecology The birth of industrial ecology is commonly attributed to an article devoted to industrial ecosystems, written by Frosch and Gallopoulos, which appeared in a 1989 special issue of Scientific American,〔Frosch, R.A.; Gallopoulos, N.E. (1989) "Strategies for Manufacturing" ''Scientific American'' 261:3, pp 144–152.〕 but the field's fundamentals appeared much earlier.〔(Cote, R.P. "Industrial Ecology" ) (accessed 20/09/2010)〕 Industrial Ecology emerged from several ideas and concepts, some of which date back to the 19th century. This article is an attempt to outline the historical build-up, which led to the emergence of Industrial Ecology as a concept and as a field of scientific research. == Before the 1960s == The term "Industrial Ecology" has been used alongside "Industrial Symbiosis" at least since the 1940s. Economic geography was perhaps one of the first fields to use these terms. For example, in an article published in 1947, George T. Renner refers to "The General Principle of Industrial Location" as a "Law of Industrial Ecology".〔Renner, G.T. 1947. Geography of Industrial Localization. Economic Geography 23, no. 3: 167–189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194821.〕 Briefly stated this is: In the same article the author defines and describes industrial symbiosis: It appears that the concept of Industrial Symbiosis was not new for the field of economic geography, since the same categorization is used by Walter G. Lezius in his 1937 article "Geography of Glass Manufacture at Toledo, Ohio", also published in the Journal of Economic Geography.〔Lezius, Walter G. 1937. Geography of Glass Manufacture at Toledo, Ohio. Economic Geography 13, no. 4: 402. http://www.jstor.org/stable/141587?origin=crossref.〕 Used in a different context, the term "Industrial Ecology" is also found in a 1958 paper concerned with the relationship between the ecological impact from increasing urbanization and value orientations of related peoples. The case study is in Lebanon:〔Armstrong, L., and R. Bashshur. 1958. Ecological Patterns and Value Orientations in Lebanon. Public Opinion Quarterly 22, no. 3: 406–415. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2746350.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of industrial ecology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.